Sulfolane facilitates diisopropylamine dissolution in water, potentially enhancing pollutant transport
Bibliographic record
Abstract
• Sulfolane and diisopropylamine are found as co-pollutants in groundwater. • Sulfolane promotes diisopropylamine miscibility in water. • Sulfolane hampers diisopropylamine sorption onto minerals. • Sulfolane can promote diisopropylamine migration across aquifers. Diisopropylamine (DIPA) and sulfolane are emerging groundwater co-contaminants, used in different industrial processes including carbon capture. In binary aqueous mixtures, sulfolane is freely miscible in water, with limited sorption onto minerals. Instead, DIPA yields sub-micron dispersions in water and sorbs onto different minerals. This limits DIPA migration in groundwater. Ternary aqueous mixtures of DIPA and sulfolane have not been studied before. Here we show that sulfolane enhances DIPA miscibility in water, although sulfolane and DIPA are immiscible without water. This unexpected co-solvency effect inhibits DIPA sorption onto minerals. Small angle neutron scattering experiments reveal composite droplets with a small DIPA core (diameter ≈ 12 Å) surrounded by sulfolane, which disperses DIPA. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and computer simulations show interactions between DIPA and sulfolane in water, which in aid in solubilizing DIPA in water. These findings will aid in predicting and preventing co-pollutant migration in groundwater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".