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Record W4406523653 · doi:10.3138/utlj-2024-0004

When judges are not judging

2025· article· en· W4406523653 on OpenAlexvenueno aff
Julius Yam

Bibliographic record

VenueUniversity of Toronto Law Journal · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicLegal Education and Practice Innovations
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsPolitical sciencePsychology

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This article takes a rare look at the extrajudicial measures, or ‘non-adjudicative strategies,’ which judges of domestic courts can take to build their institution. Although much has been written about the strategies that judges deploy within the adjudicative context, little is known about how judges can strengthen themselves institutionally outside the courtroom. This article identifies the use of non-adjudicative strategies as a global phenomenon and offers a systematic appraisal of the non-adjudicative strategies that judges can deploy and when they should consider using them. Drawing on comparative examples from different regions and regime types, as well as synthesizing insights from a range of fields, the article offers a double typology, breaking down non-adjudicative strategies by form and by function in order to better grasp the variety of strategies available and their effects. It also reflects on the risks of adopting these strategies and develops standards for evaluating the legitimate uses of non-adjudicative strategies. The article encourages reflection on how judges should address contemporary institutional challenges and conceptions of the judicial role.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.969
Threshold uncertainty score0.999

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.001
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0040.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.025
GPT teacher head0.309
Teacher spread0.284 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations1
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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