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Record W4406542142 · doi:10.1136/bmjph-2024-000926

Applying a diffusion of innovations framework to characterise diffusion groups and more effectively reach late adopters: a cross-sectional study on COVID-19 vaccinations in Canada in late 2021

2025· article· en· W4406542142 on OpenAlex
Ally Memedovich, Brian Steele, Taylor Orr, Aidan Hollis, Charleen Salmon, Jia Hu, Kate Zinszer, Tyler Williamson, Reed F. Beall

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueBMJ Public Health · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicVaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
Canadian institutionsUniversité de MontréalUniversity of Calgary
FundersCanadian Institutes of Health ResearchCentre for Research on Pandemic Preparedness and Health Emergencies
KeywordsMultinomial logistic regressionVaccinationLogistic regressionEarly adopterPharmacyPsychologyCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)Diffusion of innovationsCross-sectional studyHealth careDemographyGerontologyMedicineSocial psychologyFamily medicineMarketingSociologyBusinessDiseaseEconomicsEconomic growthStatistics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Background: Rogers' diffusion of innovation theory suggests innovations are adopted in stages by different groups (innovators/early adopters, early majority, late majority and late adopters). In healthcare, this could mean that there is the potential to worsen health disparities as later groups tend to also face more social and structural barriers. Determining the unique sociodemographic characteristics, beliefs and attitudes of those in each diffusion category could be useful for theorising how to reach later groups more effectively. Methods: Using a cross-sectional survey among Canadian adults in late 2021, we assigned respondents to diffusion groups based on when they received their first dose, relative to others within their age group in accordance with Rogers' model (ie, cut points: 16%, 50%, 84% with 100% being all those vaccinated within the age group). Participants answered questions about their COVID-19 vaccinations and questions related to their motivations, beliefs, values and attitudes towards COVID-19. A multinomial logistic regression model assessed the likelihood of participants being associated with each diffusion category (with the significance level set at p<0.05). Results: The final sample included 2131 respondents. Late adopters were significantly more likely to identify as non-white, live in rural locations and receive vaccinations at pharmacies. Innovators and early adopters were significantly more likely to get vaccinated in settings other than pharmacies or community centres. Conclusion: A diffusion group-based analysis brought insight into how vaccination strategies could be tailored to reach each diffusion group sooner, particularly late adopters who encounter more barriers.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.002
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.002
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.169
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0020.002
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.003
Science and technology studies0.0010.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.051
GPT teacher head0.403
Teacher spread0.352 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it