Endowing the nanostructured ion channels of anion conductive membranes with negative charge to boost the Cl−/SO42− ion separation via electrodialysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Construction of homogeneous polymer ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) with suitable ion transport channels and stable structures is crucial to the separation of mono-/multi-valent anions. Amphoteric ion-exchange membrane (AIEM) is a special type of IEM that possesses unique properties due to the presence of both anion exchange groups and cation exchange groups. In this work, we have grafted 1-bromoheptane and 3-bromopropanesulfonate onto the poly(aryl ether sulfone) chain through nucleophilic substitution reactions. Unlike the IEM attaching different ion-change functional groups onto one side-chain, this kind of AIEM bears two kinds of ion-change functional groups on dual side-chains. The results show that the as-prepared AIEMs could maintain low water absorption (<20 %) and swelling ratios (<11 %). The optimal surface area resistance is 6.31 Ω∙cm2. The perm-selectivity (Cl−/SO42−) of the optimized PAES-TA/BS-0.85 AIEMs in a binary mixed solution system at 2.5 mA∙cm2 could be achieved as high as 67.46, which is much higher than commercial ACS IEMs under the same conditions. Small Angle X-ray scattering reveals a distinct phase separation pattern within the AIEM matrix, which is due to the introduction of sulfonates to increase the hydrophilicity of the side-chains. The combined effects of pore size screening and electrostatic repulsion render the high selectivity of as-prepared AIEMs.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".