Independent and joint associations of neighbourhood greenness and walkability with transportational and recreational physical activity among youth and adults in Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Greener neighbourhoods may support physical activity; however, it is also important to consider whether greener neighbourhoods are walkable. We assessed whether neighbourhood greenness and walkability were independently and jointly associated with transportational (PA TRA ) and recreational (PA REC ) physical activity among a nationally representative sample of urban-dwelling youth and adults in Canada. We analyzed repeated cross-sectional data from 132,927 urban-dwelling youth (12–17 years) and adults (≥18 years) who participated in the Canadian Community Health Survey (2015–2018). To derive an indicator of neighbourhood greenness, for each survey year, we aggregated mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values within 2016 dissemination areas. As a proxy for neighbourhood walkability, we used 2016 Canadian Active Living Environments (Can-ALE) metrics. We used weighted linear regressions to examine whether, and the extent to which, neighbourhood NDVI and the Can-ALE index were independently and jointly associated with self-reported and log-transformed PA TRA and PA REC , while adjusting for individual and neighbourhood characteristics. Among adults, but not youth, higher NDVI was independently associated with higher PA TRA (β = 0.2, 95 % CI 0.02, 0.36) and PA REC (β = 0.3, 95 % CI 0.14, 0.47). Among both youth (β = 0.4, 95 % CI 0.21, 0.66) and adults (β = 0.3, 95 % CI 0.22, 0.35), NDVI and Can-ALE were jointly associated with PA TRA . Living in a neighbourhood that is both greener and more walkable was more strongly associated with higher transportational, but not recreational, physical activity, than either feature alone. These novel findings highlight the importance of designing cities that are both greener and more walkable to promote active living. • We analyzed data from a nationally representative sample of youth/adults in Canada. • Greener areas were associated with more physical activity in adults, but not youth. • Greener and more walkable areas were jointly associated with active transportation. • Designing neighbourhoods that are greener and more walkable may promote active living.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".