The generation of whistler, lower hybrid, and magnetosonic waves by satellites passing through ionospheric magnetic field aligned irregularities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A numerical study is carried out for the generation of lower hybrid, whistler, and compressional Alfvén (magnetosonic) waves by satellites crossing magnetic field aligned irregularities or striations. Satellites and space debris propagating at an altitude of about 300 km with a velocity of 7.7 km/s perpendicular to the magnetic field generate a wake of lower hybrid waves with a wavelength of ∼1 m and frequencies near the lower hybrid frequency ∼7.87 kHz. In the presence of small-scale striations having widths below 0.5 m, the satellite-generated lower hybrid waves efficiently mode convert to whistler waves with frequencies slightly above the lower hybrid frequency, which propagate within a cone ∼19.5° to the background magnetic field. For larger striations having widths of 1 m and above, the interaction with satellites leads to modulated pulses of whistler waves as well as to magnetosonic waves propagating at large angles to the magnetic field, with frequencies below the lower hybrid frequency. The results are consistent with recent observations during conjunctures between satellites, where the observed frequencies ranged from the ion cyclotron frequency to the lower hybrid frequency [Bernhardt et al., Phys. Plasmas 30, 092106 (2023)].
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".