Two decades of imaging photoelectron circular dichroism: from first principles to future perspectives
Bibliographic record
Abstract
There has been a significant recent surge in the number of studies interrogating chiral molecules in the gas phase using photoelectron circular dichroism (PECD) and related techniques. These investigations have revealed new fundamental insights into the structure and dynamics of chiral species and, furthermore, have the potential to revolutionize the field of chiral analysis for more practical and industrial applications. As it has been just over 20 years since the first PECD imaging experiments were demonstrated - and 10 years since the last dedicated general perspective article on the topic - a new overview now seems extremely timely. This article will introduce PECD to the general reader and give a synopsis of developments in the field, focusing particularly on the last decade, where the use of multiphoton ionization schemes has brought PECD to a wider experimental audience. We will discuss the novel applications of the general methodology and highlight the challenges that must be overcome to fully cement PECD and adjacent techniques as powerful chiral analysis probes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".