Public transport investments as generators of economic and social activity
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High-quality public transport systems increase accessibility, which is linked to wider economic and social benefits that improve the health of the populations served. This paper reviews evidence on the existence and magnitude of these wider benefits. We searched for academic studies that evaluated the effects of specific public transport investments or disinvestments on levels of economic and social activity. Public transport improvements increase economic activity, both at an aggregate level (higher gross domestic product) and household level (higher income), although the effect can be geographically imbalanced. Better public transport boosts employment but tends to increase house prices, leading to gentrification, although suitable policies can prevent this effect. Public transport improves social connections, especially for older people in isolated rural areas. In urban areas, it can reduce connections due to barriers to pedestrians. Disinvestment in public transport, such as closure of bus services, has multiple economic and social costs, although the evidence is still scarce. Public transport has potentially wide but possibly unequal economic and social benefits. • Public transport investments boost GDP and employment • Economic effects are usually geographically imbalanced • Better public transport increase house prices, possibly leading to gentrification • Public transport improves social connections, especially for older people • Disinvestment has economic and social costs but evidence is still scarce
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it