Refugees as Labor: Post World War II Displaced Persons in Australia, Canada, and the USA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The resettlement of approximately one million European displaced persons (DPs) after the Second World War was a major milestone in humanitarian resettlement. It was also a major milestone in the expansion of immigration in Australia, Canada, and the USA. The humanitarian and immigration expansion aspects of DP resettlement were the result of formal government policy as well as humanitarian organizations, interest groups concerned about the need for labor, and individuals linked to DPs by ties of blood, national origin, and religion. This article examines how the search for labor was integrated into public policy, program implementation, and political debate about DPs and became an essential component of DP resettlement. Specific discussions of Australia, Canada, and the USA help show the different ways a program of humanitarian resettlement could be structured to produce immediate—rather than delayed—economic benefits. This comparative consideration of post-war DP resettlement helps open up future research options for a more integrated understanding of humanitarian and labor aspects of immigration policy more generally, especially in the way profit of various kinds can accrue to policy-guided humanitarian resettlement.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".