Living on the Margins of the Empire: Political Relations Between Québec and the United States: 1940–2000
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The United States has had a diplomatic presence in Québec for some 200 years, and now has two consulates, one in Québec City and one in Montréal. Québec opened its first delegation to the U.S. nearly 85 years ago, during the Second World War. Despite Québec's strong commercial and security interests in the United States, it is almost impossible for a Québec premier to secure a bilateral meeting with an American president. In fact, there are very few precedents. In the United States, Québec does not enjoy direct and privileged ties with the president or members of the executive branch of the U.S. federal government, as it does with France. Despite this, Québec has nonetheless sought to increase its leverage in the United States since the 1960s. This chapter chronicles the efforts of Québec to advance its interests by examining efforts of successive provincial governments to institutionalize and deepen its political relationship with the United States through direct engagement with the American executive and legislative branches of government. In particular, a range of paradiplomatic efforts constructed and pursued by Québec between 1940 and 2000, are identified and closely evaluated.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.015 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".