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Record W4406735650 · doi:10.1080/23742917.2025.2454620

The business of ransomware and its effects on business

2025· article· en· W4406735650 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.
fundA Canadian funder is recorded on the work.
aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.

Bibliographic record

VenueJournal of Cyber Security Technology · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicAdvanced Malware Detection Techniques
Canadian institutionsSimon Fraser University
FundersSocial Sciences and Humanities Research Council
KeywordsRansomwareBusinessComputer scienceComputer securityMalware

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Ransomware is a growing problem that not only affects a company’s financials but also leads to a loss of productivity, which can be difficult to quantify. This criminal extortion preys upon the vulnerability of the average computer user, and Canadian companies are at an increasing risk of experiencing a ransomware attack. The purpose of the current study was to survey a wide range of Canadian businesses about their experiences with ransomware attacks while also gaining insight on this issue with smaller businesses to address a gap in the research. Businesses were questioned about details regarding the ransomware attack(s), which include th following: reactions to the attack, the extent of the damage caused, and whether the business used internal or external IT services. Results reveal critical insights into the prevalence, financial impact, and organizational responses to ransomware attacks. Notably, 29% of businesses reported experiencing at least one ransomware attack, with most cases in Ontario (43%), and 85% of businesses contacted law enforcement following an attack, though satisfaction with police assistance varied. Comparative analysis showed no statistically significant differences by company size in having insurance, contacting police, or ransom demands, suggesting that both small and large companies face similar challenges in ransomware preparedness and response.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.598
Threshold uncertainty score0.375

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.002
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0010.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.003
GPT teacher head0.240
Teacher spread0.237 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it