The Dairy Industry as a Source of Conflict between Québec and the United States
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This chapter describes one of the most significant current sources of conflict between Québec and the United States, viz., lack of full access by American producers of dairy products to the Québec market. Although the law that limits imports is federal, the influence of Québec’s dairy industry, the largest in Canada, in Ottawa means that the policy reflects the interests of La belle province . The American administration of Joe Biden has filed two challenges against Canada’s actions to protect the dairy industry under the dispute resolution provision of the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA). The Québec government has two choices regarding how to manage this growing conflict with the United States. It can continue its current approach of pressuring Ottawa to continue to deny access to American exporters of milk, cheese, yogurt, butter and ice cream, and to maintain supply management, or it can follow the example of New Zealand and choose pursuit of reciprocal trade arrangements under which Québec dairy producers and manufacturers gain access to the large American market in exchange for opening its market to American products. The latter option fits well with Québec’s policy of growing its exports to the United States and reducing its reliance on trade with English Canada but would cause a major restructuring of the province’s dairy industry.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".