Poromechanical analysis of regional frozen ground responses under heat exchanger operations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The permafrost of the Northern Hemisphere is under threat of degradation due to increasing global temperatures resulting from climate change. Thawing permafrost exhibits lower strength and increased permeability, leading to soil instability and subsidence beneath structures. To mitigate the effects of permafrost thaw, heat extraction is utilized to cool the frozen soil bodies. Ground heat exchangers (GHEs) are geo-structures that exchange heat with the ground and can be used for heat extraction. In this work, thermo-hydro-mechanical modeling is employed to simulate the state of a saturated soil body during freezing and thawing in Umiujaq, Quebec, Canada. An initially frozen soil body is analyzed under seasonal temperature variations and GHE operations. The pore pressure development and ground deformation are well quantified. It is shown that GHE operations can effectively mitigate the risks associated with talik formation, with group-GHE formations being more effective in this regard. Additionally, it is demonstrated that group-GHE operations are effective in mitigating excessive thawing settlement. Furthermore, the shortcomings of single-GHE operations, such as limited radius of effect and differential settlement, can be improved by group-GHE formations through a confinement effect.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".