Processes in the Kitikmeot Sea estuary constraining marine life
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Kitikmeot Sea, in the south-central Canadian Arctic Archipelago, is an estuarine system comprised of Coronation Gulf, Bathurst Inlet, Dease Strait, and Queen Maud Gulf. It is unique in the pan-Arctic system due to three defining features: (1) shallow bounding straits to the west (Dolphin and Union Strait) and northeast (Victoria Strait) that are less than 30 m deep; (2) Arctic Ocean inflow carrying nutrient and salt supplies over the bounding sills that are primarily delivered from the Canada Basin; and (3) massive freshwater input from the mainland watershed that drains an area almost 5 times larger than the Kitikmeot Sea. Here we present physical and geochemical observations obtained from 1999–2020 to show that these conditions maintain an estuarine circulation year-round, wherein the excess low-salinity water, formed from inflowing rivers and seasonal ice melt, exits over both bounding sills and is replenished by inflowing oceanic waters from Amundsen Gulf and Larsen Sound. The shallow sills both restrict the depth of inflow, dictating the salinity and nutrient concentrations of inflowing waters, and increase tidal speeds over the sills, which leads to mixing between the outflowing and inflowing water that further lowers inflowing salinity and nutrient concentrations. Together, all these processes establish a strongly stratified and overall low-productivity ecosystem within the Kitikmeot Sea. We propose a conceptual model of marine ecosystem function that favors an abundance of Arctic char and seals as top predators instead of the larger polar bears and whales as found adjacent to the Kitikmeot Sea in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".