The Importance of Tourism in Cross-Border Cooperation: Evidence from the Borderlands of Poland
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cross-border cooperation (CBC) is considered an important element in the formation of borderlands and is often characterized by significant tourism development potential. The aim of this study was to determine the importance of tourism projects in the CBC within the EU cohesion policy and Neighbourhood Policy implemented in Poland's borderlands, and to identify regularities in the formation of cooperation from the point of view of the organizations involved in its implementation. We applied a mixed-method approach. The quantitative analysis included all CBC projects co-financed by EU funds (INTERREG, ETC, ENPI, ENI) in 2007–2013 and 2014–2020 in the borderlands of Poland, understood as the area on both sides of the border. The qualitative analysis was based on direct in-depth interviews conducted with selected Polish and foreign organizations involved in tourism projects. This study shows that tourism is an important component of cooperation in terms of its quantitative, qualitative, and spatial dimensions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".