Measurements of turbulence characteristics in a warped transition
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Transitions are needed to connect open-channel sections of different shapes and sizes that commonly exist in water supply channels, hydropower channels, irrigation canals and so on. A warped transition (WT) smoothly connects a rectangular channel-section with a trapezoidal one and is considered the most efficient transition type with the least flow separation. This paper aims to experimentally investigate the turbulence characteristics in the WT. It reports acoustic Doppler velocimetry measurements of fluctuations in turbulence intensity, kinetic energy and shear stress, as well as of the stationary flow field. The fluctuations are significant and entirely result from the influence of the transition. In the transition, the turbulence features a small jet-like core and reversed flows along one sidewall outside this core; even laterally averaged velocities have complicated vertical structures. This paper contributes to new benchmark turbulence conditions, useful for assessing the effectiveness of turbulence control devices and validating numerical models of turbulent flow.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".