Ideational Shifts and Recurring Complications: A Diplomatic History of Territorial Claims Between India and China in Ladakh
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The concept of territoriality and sovereignty form an important constituent of the modern nation-state. With the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949, China applied the principle of irredentism to claim territories drawing on evidence it deems as having historicity. This study focuses on the Western Sector of the India–China boundary, specifically Aksai Chin and the vicinity of areas in present-day Ladakh. An examination of some of the key diplomatic communications, cartographic and archival evidence, and other secondary sources on this dispute reveals inconsistencies in claims pertaining to the Line of Actual Control as put forward by both countries. Such a line, as claimed by both sides, was never an unchanging line, as recorded through evidence rooted in cartography, mapping and reports by the British surveyors from the mid-nineteenth to the twentieth century as well as the post-colonial leadership of the two countries – all of which capture the ideational shifts which resulted in the boundary dispute that has only grown over time.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.015 | 0.028 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".