Impact of geochemical reactivity on desulphation requirements in a sandstone reservoir containing carbonate and sulphate minerals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents an investigation of the impact of in situ chemical and geochemical interactions on oil recovery efficiency and inorganic scale management. A common technique to support the reservoir pressure is water injection, but scale problems can be a major issue that develop during oil field production when there is water (especially seawater) injection. In such flooding scenarios, geochemical reactions occur between formation and injected water in terms of sulphate scales, such as barite. On the other hand, the carbonate scales may form due to a variety of reasons: changes in temperature, pressure, pH and CO 2 concentration in the aqueous or hydrocarbon phases. This paper investigates the impact of CO 2 availability, and changes in pH, ionic concentrations and temperature on carbonate and sulphate scaling risk in waterflooded reservoirs where choices may be exerted over injection water composition. In this work, the injected water does not contain CO 2 , but CO 2 is present in the oil phase, and may partition from there, or diffuse from the formation water. Also presented is the relationship between brine composition and scale precipitation and management in the production wells. There are various factors affecting the system, such as water injection well and production well flow rates and flow through the reservoir, and also compositional effects due to use of Full Sulphate Seawater (FSSW) or Low Sulphate Seawater (LSSW), and due to variations in temperature and the concentration of CO 2 in the oil phase. In this study, as preparation for addition of geochemistry to a full field 3D history matched model, we include geochemical reactions in a 1D model that has the field pressure, temperature and fluid properties, to test the impact of the various potential reactions in a simple system. This is necessary to fully understand the system before, in future work, moving on to the full field modelling, and in fact provides very valuable learnings that would be more difficult to distil if full field modelling alone had been performed. We assume the mineral reactions (anhydrite, gypsum, barite, huntite and calcite) are in equilibrium, excepting for the magnesium rich carbonate mineral reaction, which is assumed to be kinetic. The results shows that SO 4 2- , Mg 2+ , HCO 3 − and Ca 2+ are the major ions that have a very significant effect on the system, and therefore impact on precipitation (4.7E-06gmole) and dissolution (-4E-06gmole) of calcite, barite and the magnesium rich carbonate mineral. Dissolution of anhydrite (−5.1E-05gmole) present in the initial mineral assemblage is shown to have a significant impact in most scenarios, except where FSSW has been heated up to reservoir temperature, where anhydrite precipitation (5E-05gmole) in situ occurs. This has a significant impact on the levels of desulphation that should be used to prevent sulphate scales in the production wells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".