‘International’ Causes and Domestic Revolutions: Liberal-Nationalist Revolutions of the Early 20th Century; the Case of China and Iran
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Mainstream schools of International Relations theory, largely, refrain from studying socio-political revolutions in earnest. Their absence has been compensated for by historians, sociologists, and political scientists who have identified the influence of 'international' causes both in the occurrence and outcome of revolutions in the modern period. Revolutions are international events in their origins, ideologies, processes and consequences and affect the logic and rhythm of international systems of their times. On the other hand, the scholarly enthusiasm toward studying revolutions with revisionist agendas in the conduct of international relations ignores a vast array of revolutions throughout modern history were looking to adapt themselves with the established conventions of the international system and its dominant hegemon. This paper will examine the 'international' causes in a wave of liberal-nationalist revolutions that happened in the early 20th century in a number of less developed Asian countries that had been spared outright colonization and formal integration into European colonial empires.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.013 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".