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Record W4407172847 · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0315011

Higher education students’ perceptions of ChatGPT: A global study of early reactions

2025· article· en· W4407172847 on OpenAlexaff
Dejan Ravšelj, Damijana Keržič, Nina Tomaževič, Lan Umek, Nejc Brezovar, Noorminshah A. Iahad, Ali Abdulla Abdulla, Anait Akopyan, Magdalena Waleska Aldana Segura, Jehan AlHumaid, Mushal Allam, María Alló, Raphael Papa Kweku Andoh, Octavian Andronic, Yarhands Dissou Arthur, Fatih Aydın, Amira Badran, Roxana Balbontín-Alvarado, Helmi Ben Saad, Andrea Bencsik, Isaac Benning, Adrian Besimi, Denílson da Silva Bezerra, Chiara Buizza, Roberto Burro, Anthony Bwalya, Cristina Cachero, Patricia Castillo-Briceño, Harold Castro, Ching Sing Chai, Constadina Charalambous, Thomas K. F. Chiu, Otilia Clipa, Ruggero Colombari, Luis José H. Corral Escobedo, Elı́sio Costa, Radu Crețulescu, Marta Crispino, Nicola Cucari, Fergus Dalton, Meva Demir Kaya, Ivo Dumić-Čule, Diena Dwidienawati, Ryan Ebardo, Daniel Lawer Egbenya, MoezAlIslam E. Faris, Miroslav Fečko, Paulo Ferrinho, Adrian Florea, Chun Yuen Fong, Zoë Francis, Alberto Ghilardi, Belinka González-Fernández, Daniela Hau, Md. Shamim Hossain, Theo Hug, Fany Inasius, Maryam Ismail, Hatidža Jahić, Morrison O. Jessa, Marika Kapanadze, Sujita Kumar Kar, Elham Kateeb, Feridun Kaya, Hanaa Ouda Khadri Ahmed, Vitaliy Kobets, Katerina Kostova, Evita Krasmane, Jesús Lau, Wai Him Crystal Law, Florin Lazăr, Lejla Lazović-Pita, Vivian Lee, Jingtai Li, Diego Vinicio López-Aguilar, Adrian Luca, Ruth G. Luciano, Juan D. Machin‐Mastromatteo, Marwa Madi, Alexandre Lourenço Jaime Manguele, Rubén Manrique, Thumah Mapulanga, Frederic Marimón, Galia Marinova, Marta Mas‐Machuca, Oliva Mejía-Rodríguez, Μaria Meletiou-Mavrotheris, Silvia Mariela Méndez Prado, José Manuel Meza Cano, Evija Mirķe, Alpana Mishra, Ondrej Mitaľ, Cristina Mollica, Daniel Morariu, Наталя Вікторівна Мосьпан, Angel Mukuka, S. G. Navarro, Irena Nikaj, Maria Nisheva-Pavlova, Efi Nisiforou, Joseph Njiku, Singhanat Nomnian, Lulzime Nuredini-Mehmedi, Ernest Nyamekye, Alka Obadić, Abdelmohsen Hamed Okela, Dorit Olenik‐Shemesh, Izabela Ostoj, Kevin Peralta Rizzo, Almir Peštek, Amila Pilav-Velić, Dilma Rosanda Miranda Pires, Eyal Rabin, Daniela Raccanello, Agustine Ramie, M. M. Rashid, Robert Reuter, Valentina Reyes, Ana Sofia Rodrigues, Paul Rodway, Silvia Ručinská, Shorena Sadzaglishvili, Ashraf Atta M. S. Salem, Gordana Savić, Astrid Schepman, Samia Mokhtar Shahpo, Abdelmajid Snouber, Emma Soler, Bengi Sonyel, Anna Stone, Artur Strzelecki, Carolina Cortés, Andrea Teira-Fachado, Henri Tilga, Jeļena Titko, Мaryna Tolmach, Dedi Turmudi, Laura Varela-Candamio, Ioanna Vekiri, Giada Vicentini, Erisher Woyo, Özlem Yorulmaz, Said A. S. Yunus, Ana-Maria Zamfir, Munyaradzi Zhou, Aleksander Aristovnik

Bibliographic record

VenuePLoS ONE · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicArtificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
Canadian institutionsUniversity of the Fraser Valley
FundersJavna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS
KeywordsPerceptionPsychologyChemistryNeuroscience

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The paper presents the most comprehensive and large-scale global study to date on how higher education students perceived the use of ChatGPT in early 2024. With a sample of 23,218 students from 109 countries and territories, the study reveals that students primarily used ChatGPT for brainstorming, summarizing texts, and finding research articles, with a few using it for professional and creative writing. They found it useful for simplifying complex information and summarizing content, but less reliable for providing information and supporting classroom learning, though some considered its information clearer than that from peers and teachers. Moreover, students agreed on the need for AI regulations at all levels due to concerns about ChatGPT promoting cheating, plagiarism, and social isolation. However, they believed ChatGPT could potentially enhance their access to knowledge and improve their learning experience, study efficiency, and chances of achieving good grades. While ChatGPT was perceived as effective in potentially improving AI literacy, digital communication, and content creation skills, it was less useful for interpersonal communication, decision-making, numeracy, native language proficiency, and the development of critical thinking skills. Students also felt that ChatGPT would boost demand for AI-related skills and facilitate remote work without significantly impacting unemployment. Emotionally, students mostly felt positive using ChatGPT, with curiosity and calmness being the most common emotions. Further examinations reveal variations in students' perceptions across different socio-demographic and geographic factors, with key factors influencing students' use of ChatGPT also being identified. Higher education institutions' managers and teachers may benefit from these findings while formulating the curricula and instructions/regulations for ChatGPT use, as well as when designing the teaching methods and assessment tools. Moreover, policymakers may also consider the findings when formulating strategies for secondary and higher education system development, especially in light of changing labor market needs and related digital skills development.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Observational · Consensus signal: Observational
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.024
Threshold uncertainty score0.520

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.201
GPT teacher head0.460
Teacher spread0.259 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designObservational
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations156
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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