Sulfolane reduction by arginine and ferrous iron ions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sulfolane is a water-miscible, bioavailable, worldwide pollutant. While its aerobic biodegradation by bacteria is well documented, its abiotic degradation by amino acids and metal ions has never been reported. Here we find that Fe 2 + and arginine (ARG) reduce sulfolane to sulfoxide at circum-neutral pH, as shown by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Sulfolane reduction occurs at the surface of iron-ARG solid flocs, onto which sulfoxide remains sorbed even after rinsing with water volumes up to 16-fold the floc volume. Sulfolane reduction by Fe 2+ ions does not occur in the absence of ARG, which binds iron and affects its redox chemistry, as shown by cyclic voltammetry. Sulfolane reduction is also promoted by lysine, but not by histidine. Sulfolane is not reduced by Fe 3+ and ARG, indicating that this reaction requires Fe 2+ oxidation to Fe 3+ . The observed abiotic transformation of sulfolane may affect its fate in natural ecosystems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".