Sulfolane reduction by arginine and ferrous iron ions
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sulfolane is a water-miscible, bioavailable, worldwide pollutant. While its aerobic biodegradation by bacteria is well documented, its abiotic degradation by amino acids and metal ions has never been reported. Here we find that Fe 2 + and arginine (ARG) reduce sulfolane to sulfoxide at circum-neutral pH, as shown by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Sulfolane reduction occurs at the surface of iron-ARG solid flocs, onto which sulfoxide remains sorbed even after rinsing with water volumes up to 16-fold the floc volume. Sulfolane reduction by Fe 2+ ions does not occur in the absence of ARG, which binds iron and affects its redox chemistry, as shown by cyclic voltammetry. Sulfolane reduction is also promoted by lysine, but not by histidine. Sulfolane is not reduced by Fe 3+ and ARG, indicating that this reaction requires Fe 2+ oxidation to Fe 3+ . The observed abiotic transformation of sulfolane may affect its fate in natural ecosystems.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it