Insights into freeze–thaw and infiltration in seasonally frozen soils from field observations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Snowmelt infiltration into frozen soils in seasonally frozen landscapes is a critically important hydrological process, with consequences for agriculture, water resources, and flooding. The partitioning of snowmelt between infiltration and runoff in any given location and in any given year is highly uncertain. While it is intuitive to expect lower infiltration capacities in frozen soils, extensive past field research has shown that infiltration is often the dominant flux over runoff during this process, and this is attributed to infiltration into air‐filled macropores. Despite this understanding, we still lack models that can predict frozen soil infiltration reliably. In this study, we examine detailed field observations from the seasonally frozen Canadian Prairies to determine the controls on soil freeze/thaw, snowmelt partitioning, and groundwater recharge. We show how soil moisture, water table depth, snow water equivalent, and air temperature are all significant and confounding factors that determine soil freezing depth and snowmelt partitioning.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".