Dimensions of social inclusion of older adults in leisure-time physical activity: development of a scale
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The importance of social inclusion in Leisure-Time Physical Activity (LTPA) for the health of older adults has been recognized. The aim of this study was to identify the dimensions of Social Inclusion of Older Adults in Leisure-Time physical activity (SIOAiLTPA) and develop a measurement scale for these dimensions. The SIOAiLTPA scale was completed by 581 older adults in Iran. All respondents were 60 years old or older. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in a 48-item scale with 5 factors (individual characteristics, support for older adults, Coach Training programmes, legal structures, and pressures for deinstitutionalization). Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the five-factor model and hierarchical structure. The SIOAiLTPA scale is the first psychometrically developed tool to measure the underlying factors of social inclusion of older adults in LTPA rather than its outcomes. This scale can assist national policymakers and sports organizations in measuring social inclusion of older adults in LTPA and the effectiveness of interventions or changes in programmes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".