Environmental Fate of the Azole Fungicide Fluconazole and Its Persistent and Mobile Transformation Product 1,2,4-Triazole
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fluconazole is a persistent and mobile pharmaceutical azole fungicide observed in natural waters globally. It does not significantly degrade via traditional wastewater treatment, resulting in likely environmental and human exposure and environmental-origin azole fungicide resistance. Indirect photochemistry is known to degrade many recalcitrant contaminants in natural waters but has not been tested for fluconazole. We systematically measured rates and identified products of the indirect photodegradation of fluconazole in genuine and synthetic surface waters with varying nitrate, bicarbonate, and dissolved organic matter using high resolution mass spectrometry. Degradation half-lives of fluconazole ranged from 2 weeks to a year, indicating indirect photochemistry is slow but competitive with other loss processes. The transformation products 1,2,4-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole-1-acetic acid were produced in 30 to 100% yield during fluconazole degradation. These products are far more resistant to indirect photochemistry than fluconazole, with half-lives for 1,2,4-triazole in the environment of between 1 and 3 years when measurable with our methods. These "very persistent very mobile" contaminants are likely formed by most pharmaceutical and agrochemical azole fungicides, are regularly detected in the US and Denmark in monitoring programs and our exposure modeling demonstrates high potential for human exposure through drinking water with uncertain health implications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".