Correlation of Characteristics of Currents and Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Lightning Return Strokes to the CN Tower
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Simultaneous measurements of the return- stroke lighting current derivative at the CN Tower and the lightning generated electromagnetic pulse at a distance of 2 km north of the tower have been performed since 1991 using broadband high-resolution measurement systems. The recent installation of global positioning system (GPS) units for time synchronization of CN Tower lightning measurement stations has enabled the correlation of the characteristics of the return-stroke current, measured at the tower, with the characteristics of its generated electromagnetic field, measured 2 km north of the tower. The characteristics of the CN Tower lightning-generated electric and magnetic fields were also correlated. In this paper, the current and field analysis is based on the 2005 CN Tower lightning return-stroke data. Excellent and strong linear correlation was established between the magnetic field peak and the current peak. However, only a weak correlation was found between the magnetic field peak and the peak of the current derivative. The risetime of the electromagnetic pulse was also correlated to the current risetime. It is hoped that this paper will not only help in the establishment of simple return-stroke models at elevated structures, but also contributes to the inverse problem where lightning currents are to be estimated from field data. The obtained results are especially relevant to lightning occurring at tall structures or in mountainous areas.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".