Rheology of high internal phase ratio emulsions and foams
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A comprehensive review of the rheology and related phenomena of high internal phase ratio emulsions (referred to as HIPREs) and foams is presented. Emulsions and foams with Brownian and non-Brownian inclusions (droplets/bubbles) are considered. The topics covered are osmotic pressure, modelling and experiments of the rheology of HIPREs/foams, time-dependent rheology (thixotropy/rheopexy), normal stresses, shear banding and slip effects in flow of HIPREs/foams, influence of solid particle stabilizers (Pickering emulsion/foam), and finally pipe rheology and flow of HIPREs/foams. This is the first review article that covers all aspects of the rheology of HIPREs/foams. The theoretical and empirical models describing the osmotic pressure and rheology (yield stress, storage modulus, viscosity, etc.) of HIPREs/foams are presented and their limitations pointed out. The contributions of entropic effects in the rheology of HIPREs/foams consisting of Brownian inclusions (droplets/bubbles) are given special consideration. The key experimental studies available in the literature are reviewed including measurements of yield stress, storage modulus, and viscosity of HIPREs/foams. Comparisons of experimental data with the theoretical and semi-theoretical models are made and the limitations of the models are identified. Experimental studies elaborating special effects in HIPREs/foams rheology such as thixotropy, rheopexy, normal stresses in fixed shear strain and steady shear, shear banding in thixotropic HIPREs/foams, and slip effects are also reviewed. The effects of average size and size distribution of inclusions (droplets/bubbles) on the rheology of HIPREs/foams are evaluated. The rheology of Pickering HIPREs/foams stabilized with solid nanoparticles at the interface is reviewed and compared with the rheology of surfactant-stabilized systems. Finally, the experimental work published on the pipe flow of HIPREs/foams and its connection to rheology is presented and discussed. The gaps in the existing knowledge of the rheology of HIPREs/foams are identified and future research directions in the area are given.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it