Multi‐Event Analysis of STEVE, SAR Arc, and Red/Green Arc at Subauroral Latitudes Using Data From Ground Optical and Radio Instruments and the Arase and Van Allen Probes Satellites
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) is a latitudinally narrow, purple‐band emission observed at subauroral latitudes. Stable Auroral Red (SAR) arcs characterized by major red emission, and red/green arcs with both red and green emissions also occur at subauroral latitudes. Characteristics of magnetospheric source plasma and electromagnetic fields of these three types of arcs have not been fully understood because of the limited conjugate observations between magnetosphere and the ground. In this study, we report 11 conjugate observations (2 STEVEs, 7 SAR arcs, and 2 red/green arcs), using all‐sky images obtained at seven ground stations over more than four years from January 2017 to April 2021 and magnetospheric satellites (Arase and Van Allen Probes). We found that, in the inner magnetosphere, the source region of STEVEs and red/green arcs were located outside the plasmasphere, and that of the SAR arc was in the region of spatial overlap between the plasmasphere and ring current region. Electromagnetic waves at frequencies below 1 Hz were observed for STEVEs and red/green arcs. SuperDARN radar data showed a strong westward plasma flow in the ionosphere, especially during STEVE events, whereas the plasma flows associated with SAR arcs and red/green arcs were generally weaker and variable. The STEVE and SAR arc can appear simultaneously at slightly different latitudes and STEVEs and red/green arcs can transform into SAR arcs. These first comprehensive ground‐satellite measurements of three types of subauroral‐latitude auroras increase our understanding on similarlity, differences, and coupling of these auroras in the ionosphere and the magnetosphere.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".