New Wideband Large Aperture Open-Ended Coaxial Microwave Probe for Soil Dielectric Characterization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present a unique open-ended coaxial probe (OECP) that can accurately measure the permittivity of heterogeneous materials due to its large aperture. The probe works at frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 18 GHz, which is an important range for microwave remote sensing applications, and more precisely the Terrestrial Snow Mass Mission (TSMM). TSMM aims at launching a new satellite equipped with a dual Ku-band radar (13.5 and 17.2 GHz) for snow monitoring. At Ku-band frequencies, the backscattered radar signal contains information not only about the snow but also about the soil underneath. Knowing the soil permittivity will allow models to better account for the soil contribution to the total signal and to obtain more accurate snow data. To demonstrate the accuracy of the probe and the repeatability of the measures, calibration solutions of known permittivity were measured, and the results were compared to their theoretical values. Then, we conducted tests for approximating the penetration depth of the probe signal with dry and wet papers. Afterward, a protocol to use the probe to compute the permittivity of soil samples in freeze/thaw cycles was developed. The permittivities of commercial sand and organic soil from Iqaluktuuttiaq (Cambridge Bay, Nunavut, Canada) are presented for different relevant frequencies for microwave remote sensing applications and different temperatures (−20 °C to 20 °C) according to the new protocol. This article aims to present the probe and its potential use in microwave remote sensing applications, especially for the active Ku-band, where little research exists.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".