Tracing gendered and classed dimension of formalization of artisanal and small-scale mining efforts in Mozambique
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many formalization of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) policies in Africa emphasize increasing tenure security through mining titles and the mandatory creation of cooperatives. These are promoted as a means of poverty-alleviation, reducing environmental harms, and ensuring community benefits, which could include the empowerment of women. Drawing from research conducted in gold ASM areas in Manica, Mozambique together with analyses of transnational law and policy on miners’ cooperatives and ASM formalization interventions, this paper examines how these efforts have expressed significant gendered and class inequities. It analyses how the authority and control rights of the associations/cooperatives privilege men who are local political or economic leaders, which in one case was widely celebrated as an early and leading example of the benefits of formalization. The result, we find, was reduced access to gold mining livelihoods for women. Our analysis underscores the importance of examining who actually receives control rights in formalization efforts and how these are gendered and classed in practice, rather than assuming the declared collective benefits such as gender empowerment will emerge from them. • Women face many obstacles in their livelihood activities in artisanal gold mining. • Efforts to formalize artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) in Africa often hinge on property rights and the establishment of cooperatives. • ASM formalization efforts in Mozambique have distinct classed and gendered inequalities. • Women miners in Manica district, Mozambique have largely not benefited from formalization efforts.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it