The Cost of Caregiving: The Disproportionate and Invisible Impact of COVID-19 on Women
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic had a global impact, altering how society and those within it function. While these changes affected almost everyone, there is evidence that women were disproportionately impacted. This reflexive thematic analysis included data gathered from parents, social work students, university faculty, and school board professionals (n = 113) from 2020 to 2023. We explored the experiences of female-identified parents and caregivers during COVID-19. The findings underscore the intense but often invisible burden that women, specifically mothers and caregivers, experienced throughout the pandemic. We found that women experienced acute stress in the realms of paid and unpaid labour, childcare, children's academics, and family mental health. Implications include a call to acknowledge this disproportionate impact and its consequences for gender equity, a recognition of the ongoing impact of COVID-19 on children, youth, families, and women, a recognition of the invisible labour that often falls upon women, and the implementation of critical methodologies in social work education and research to foster the use of such approaches within the field.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".