Near-Infrared Electronically-Controlled Variable Attenuator for W-Band Frequency Range
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article presents the design, fabrication, and performance evaluation of a novel high-performance millimeter-wave (mm-wave) variable attenuator operating across the 75–110 GHz frequency band, controlled via near-infrared (NIR) illumination. The device achieves a maximum attenuation range of 50 dB with precise control steps as small as 0.1 dB. A high-resistivity (HR) silicon-based image waveguide, with a resistivity of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\rho \gt 10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> k<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Omega \cdot $ </tex-math></inline-formula>cm, serves as the transmission line, operating within the WR10 rectangular waveguide standard. The silicon image waveguide is seamlessly integrated with WR10 metallic rectangular waveguides at both input and output through optimized metallic fixtures. Its dimensions are tailored to support single-mode <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\textrm {E}_{11}\textrm {y}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> operation. Attenuation control is achieved using three NIR light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with a total power consumption of 21 mW at a wavelength of 870 nm. The NIR illumination generates charge carriers in the silicon waveguide, increasing its conductivity and thereby attenuating the mm-wave signal with minimal phase distortion. The generated carrier mechanism in silicon is based on the absorption of near-infrared (NIR) photons. As a result, charge carriers are excited from the valence band to the conduction band, leading to a change in conductivity. This attenuation mechanism provides levels up to 50 dB and ensures precise, energy-efficient operation. The measured return loss (S11) is higher than 17 dB throughout the frequency range of 75 to 110 GHz. The compact and robust structure of the attenuator makes it ideal for emerging millimeter-wave (mm-wave) and low-terahertz (THz) wireless communication systems and phased array applications. It is worth mentioning that the designed attenuator can also function as an mm-THz modulator. By carefully selecting a short carrier lifetime in doped silicon and choosing suitable LEDs, it is indeed possible to significantly increase the modulation rate.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it