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Record W4407336804 · doi:10.6000/1929-4409.2025.14.06

Cryptocurrencies are here to Stay! Think you aren’t Vulnerable, Think Again

2025· article· en· W4407336804 on OpenAlexvenueno aff
Levon Ellen Blue

Bibliographic record

VenueInternational Journal of Criminology and Sociology · 2025
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldComputer Science
TopicBlockchain Technology Applications and Security
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsCryptocurrencyAdvertisingBusinessPsychologyInternet privacyComputer securityComputer science

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Cryptocurrencies are here to stay and represent a market capitalisation of approximately $3.57T. It has been reported that over 500 million people globally own cryptocurrencies. In this paper, I discuss the vulnerabilities identified with cryptocurrency ownership including who is vulnerable and then explore the role education plays. The study described involved 745 cryptocurrency owners (including 140 non-fungible token (NFT) owners) from Australia and explores the ways in which vulnerabilities play out for various demographics. The above-mentioned research revealed that almost everyone is vulnerable when it comes to cryptocurrency and/or NFT ownership and challenges who has previously been identified as experiencing financial vulnerabilities. Demographic characteristics associated with financial vulnerabilities often includes individuals with lower education levels who are living on low incomes, who identify as female and/or Indigenous and/or for whom English is a second language. It is often assumed that anyone else who does not meet the above-mentioned characteristics are assumed to be financially capable. However, with cryptocurrency ownership almost everyone is vulnerable. Education has a role to play to help combat the risks associated with cryptocurrency and/or NFT ownership. We need educators willing to teach about cryptocurrencies and NFT ownership, storage and tax implications.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.007
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Not applicable · Consensus signal: Not applicable
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.029
Threshold uncertainty score0.096

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.007
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0010.001
Science and technology studies0.0060.005
Scholarly communication0.0050.008
Open science0.0000.003
Research integrity0.0020.003
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0290.006

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.030
GPT teacher head0.307
Teacher spread0.277 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designNot applicable
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations1
Published2025
Admission routes1
Has abstractyes

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