Evolving Africa–EU relations: changes in discourse from the Cotonou Agreement to the Samoa Agreement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Established in 2000, the Cotonou Agreement reshaped the European Union’s engagement with the Organisation of African, Caribbean, and Pacific States (OACPS). OACPS members in Africa collectively represent the largest gross domestic product, population, and land area within the group. Negotiations on the Post-Cotonou Agreement concluded in April 2021. It was officially signed in November 2023 in Samoa, becoming known as the Samoa Agreement, and marked a significant juncture in EU–Africa relations. This study explores the need for this new agreement, focusing on why the EU and Africa (OACPS) required it. Additionally, we analyse the changes introduced in the Samoa Agreement compared to its predecessor(s) and evaluate their alignment with evolving political perspectives. Employing content and discourse analyses, our research unveils a resonance with African nations’ perceived needs and fundamental changes in the new document. This study offers insights into the evolving partnership between the EU and Africa.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".