Geochemistry of lithospheric aqueous fluids modified by nanoconfinement
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Water is a principal component of Earth's fluids, and its interaction with rocks governs lithospheric geochemical and geodynamic processes. Water-rock interactions are crucial in societally relevant resource management, including subsurface extraction and storage of energy, the deep carbon cycle and generating critical metal deposits. The prevailing view is that fluids navigate through the lithosphere without being influenced by the distinct properties that arise from matter confined at the nanoscale. Here we use electron microscopy and neutron scattering data to show that a diverse range of lithospheric rocks, including sandstones, peridotites and serpentinites, consistently show nanoporosity, predominantly with pore sizes < 100 nanometres. Using molecular dynamics simulations, we demonstrate that water's dielectric permittivity-a fundamental property that governs its geochemical behaviour-diverges in nanoconfinement from its bulk counterpart under conditions ranging from ambient to extremes of 700 °C and 5 GPa. Our geochemical simulations suggest that changes in water permittivity due to confinement will decrease mineral solubility, a process that is not currently considered in models of fluid-rock interactions. Given that permittivity is also intimately linked to ion speciation, pore-size-dependent properties should be expected to exert a primary influence on rock reactivity and the geochemical evolution of fluids during fluid-rock interactions.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".