Impact of Combined Current and Voltage Harmonics on the Thermal Behavior of Distribution Transformers: A Coupled Nonuniform Magnetic–Thermal Approach
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Since the insulation state and hotspot temperature (HST) are closely linked, monitoring the thermal condition of distribution transformers (DTs)—critical and costly power grid components—can help prevent failures. This study focuses on accurately predicting the HST in DTs. During the temperature rise test, optical fiber sensors (OFSs) are used to evaluate proposed nonuniform 3-D computational fluid dynamic (CFD)-based models. In contrast to the OFS measurements, the new 3-D CFD-based thermal study displays an error percentage of 0.11% (<inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.1~^{\circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C), indicating the high accuracy and efficiency of the model. Furthermore, the results of nonuniform 3-D CFD-based thermal assessments are validated using thermography for both top-oil temperature and bottom-oil temperature. With an error percentage of <0.65%, the findings indicate an acceptable degree of correlation between thermography and thermal analysis of 3-D CFD at the designated two locations, indicating the new nonuniform 3-D CFD-based model’s acceptable correctness. Finally, the new nonuniform 3-D model is exposed to total harmonic distortions (THDs) for voltage and current of 5%, 10%, and 15%. This causes an HST increase of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3.3~^{\circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C, <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$7.1~^{\circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C, and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$10.3~^{\circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C more than the previous model without harmonics.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it