Performance of Sustainable Drainage Capillary Barrier Systems for Climate Change Adaptation in Temperate Climates
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Capillary Barrier Systems (CBS) offer a sustainable solution supporting Sustainable Drainage Systems (SuDS) to urban flooding: The occurrence of flooding in urban areas is increasing in response to more intense precipitation, changes in land use that increase runoff (e.g., reduction of green spaces), and reduced water retention of soils. The need for adaptation to the impacts of extreme weather extends to buried assets (e.g., utilities, pavement subbases and foundations) that are vulnerable to deterioration due to shrink-swell behaviour. Combined Sustainable Drainage Systems and capillary barriers, offer a solution to these challenges. Here, small-scale (110 mm diameter, 1 m length) column experiments are used to test capillary barrier systems, also modelled in HYDRUS 1-D, to consider the impact of relative grain size between the two constituent materials, the use of geosynthetic filter fabrics, and the thickness of the water retention layer on combined SuDS CBS performance under a range of storm inflows. Recycled materials including crushed concrete and water treatment residual (a waste product of the water treatment industry) are shown to be effective for use in SuDS-CBS. Laboratory experiments and numerical modelling demonstrate the importance of antecedent moisture conditions for determining the performance of a SuDS-CBS during rainstorm events.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".