Predictive Thermodynamics for Isochoric (Constant-Volume) Cryopreservation Systems
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cryopreservation is the preservation and storage of biomaterials using low temperatures. There are several approaches to cryopreservation, and these often include the use of cryoprotectants, which are solutes used to lower the freezing point of water. Isochoric (constant-volume) cryopreservation is a form of cryopreservation that has been gaining interest over the past 18 years. This method utilizes the anomalous nature of water in that it expands as it freezes. The expansion of ice on freezing is used to induce a pressure in the system that limits ice growth. In this work, we use Gibbsian thermodynamics, the Elliott et al. multisolute osmotic virial equation, the Feistel and Wagner correlation for ice Ih, and the Grenke and Elliott correlation for the thermodynamic properties of liquid water at low temperatures and high pressures to predict how the pressure, volume fraction of ice, and solute concentration in the unfrozen fraction change as the solution is cooled isochorically. We then verified our model by predicting experimental results for saline solutions and ternary aqueous solutions containing NaCl and organic compounds commonly used as cryoprotectants: glycerol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and dimethyl sulfoxide. We found that our model accurately predicts experimental data that were collected for cryoprotectant concentrations as high as 5 M, and temperatures as low as -25 °C. Since we have shown that our liquid water correlation, on which this work was based, makes accurate predictions to -70 °C, as long as the pressure is not higher than 400 MPa, we anticipate that the prediction methods presented in this work will be accurate down to -70 °C. In this work we also modeled how sealing the isochoric chamber at room temperature versus at the nucleation temperature impacts isochoric freezing. The prediction methods developed in this work can be used in the future design of isochoric cryopreservation experiments and protocols.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".