Decreasing Consumer Sales as Canadian Dollar Plummets: An International Case Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Purpose: The present study is a research on the decrease of Canadian visits to North Dakota in USA, located near Canadian border, and those sectors it has most affected. It also presents information concerning American visits to Canada, and what the government of Canada has done to entice them. The main point of this case study concerns the United States/Canadian dollar exchange rate and how exchange rates drive cross-border business trends between the United States and Canada. Design/Methodology/Approach: The methodological approach of this research study is descriptive and the data is obtained from various secondary data sources in thematic form, it is a case study of decreasing consumer sales as Canadian dollar plummets. Findings: It was postulated that the once lucrative Canadian market that occupied North Dakotas hotels and shops in USA, located near Canadian border, appears to be a distant memory. The boom that caused expansion is now just a thing of the past. With no end in sight for the weak Canadian dollar, it will be up to North Dakota businesses and government to entice the visitors back. It is a fact that Canadians enjoy visiting the United States. But for now it appears the Canadian dollars’ low value will keep them away. Research Limitations: The main limitation for this study is that it is based on secondary data. Replicating the research approach with more comprehensive data would result in deriving better conclusion. Managerial Implications: The implications for management from this study are that the author discusses what could be done to recapture the Canadian market and how exchange rates drive cross-border business trends between the United States and Canada. Originality/Value: This study showcased the original work of the authors on the decrease of Canadian visits to North Dakota in USA, located near Canadian border, and those sectors it has most affected. It also presents information concerning American visits to Canada, and what the government of Canada has done to entice them.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.009 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.013 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".