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Record W4407389264 · doi:10.1080/17435889.2025.2463864

Assessing the efficacy of nanoparticles in reversing opioid poisoning and preventing renarcotization

2025· review· en· W4407389264 on OpenAlex
Joban Sran, Horacio Bach

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

affAt least one author lists a Canadian institution in the pinned OpenAlex snapshot.

Bibliographic record

VenueNanomedicine · 2025
Typereview
Languageen
FieldMedicine
TopicOpioid Use Disorder Treatment
Canadian institutionsUniversity of British Columbia
Fundersnot available
KeywordsReversingOpioidPharmacologyMedicineInternal medicineMaterials scienceReceptor

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

Opioid poisoning, also known as opioid overdose or opioid toxicity, is a medical emergency where there is excessive binding of opioids to mu-opioid receptors, leading to analgesia, sedation, and respiratory depression. Naloxone is currently the recommended treatment for reversing opioid poisoning; however, it has limitations, such as a shorter half-life than most opioids, which can lead to renarcotization. Multiple nanoparticle (NP) formulations have addressed this limitation by exhibiting a longer half-life as well as successfully antagonizing the effects of opioids. This review explores the polymer-, lipid-, and peptide-based NP formulations, which have been studied as alternatives for naloxone. NP-naloxone formulations have potential for implementation into clinical practice, yet their realization hinges on investment in research.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.001
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.001
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Other design · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Review · Consensus signal: Review
Teacher disagreement score0.962
Threshold uncertainty score0.712

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0010.001
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.001
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0000.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.031
GPT teacher head0.377
Teacher spread0.346 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it