Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter continues with historical case studies, all of which have occurred in the present century. They follow the same format as those in chapter 5, but the chapter begins by comparing the total number of fatal collapses since 2000 with the last two 25-year periods of the last century, showing that reported failures and fatalities are increasing. Case studies begin with the collapse of the De La Concorde overpass in Montreal, Canada, in 2006 and that of the I-35W bridge in Minneapolis, USA, in 2007 before turning to perhaps the most significant collapse this century, the Viadotto Polcevera in Genoa, Italy, in 2018. The international theme continues with case studies of collapses in Taiwan, Mexico and India, the last being that of a pedestrian suspension bridge which claimed 141 lives. The chapter concludes with a warning on the need to address any degree of complacency in those charged with managing bridges.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.005 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.028 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".