Unravelling Vacuum Gas Oil Catalytic Cracking: The Influence of the Catalyst-to-Oil Ratio on FCC Catalyst Performance
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This study evaluates the impact of the catalyst-to-oil (C/O) ratio in the 1 to 7 range on the catalytic cracking of vacuum gas oil (VGO). Experiments are conducted using fluid catalytic cracking (FCC)-type catalysts, in a mini-fluidized bench-scale Riser Simulator reactor invented at the Chemical Reactor Engineering Centre (CREC), University of Western Ontario. The CREC Riser Simulator replicates FCC industrial operating conditions such as temperature, species partial pressure, and reaction times. The results indicate that increasing the C/O ratio above 5 slightly impacts VGO conversion, increases light gases yield, decreases light cycle oil (LCO) yield, and stabilizes gasoline yield. These findings align with temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) data, showing how the retention of a larger number of acid sites at a C/O of 7 boosts light gas production and reduces LCO selectivity. These elevated C/O ratios also lead to higher coke formation. The results reported together with future studies conducted by our research team on the impact of higher catalyst flows, larger potential catalyst attrition, higher catalyst loading in the cyclones, and excess heat generated in the catalyst regenerator unit, are of critical value for establishing the impact of C/O ratios in the overall FCC refinery operation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".