Propulsion Properties of Electric Sails
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Multiparametric study of a thrust force exerted on a model electric (E) sail spacecraft by the solar wind is conducted with a particle-in-cell method. Several effects relevant to the thrust performance are examined with the focus on the accuracy of the obtained results, reflected in the improved initial conditions and physically realistic boundary conditions set at the external boundaries and the near field of a tether. These effects include thrust sensitivity to the solar wind density, temperature, and relative velocity between the solar wind and the spacecraft as well as the influence of the tether potential on the resulting thrust force. The dependence of thrust [Formula: see text] on the distance between the spacecraft and the sun [Formula: see text] is found to have an exponential form approximated by [Formula: see text]. Numerical estimates of the electric current to the E-sail tether mesh give values that are on average about 50% higher than those predicted by the orbital motion limited theory. In addition to single tethers, tether arrays are also studied and shown to have lower thrust per tether that that of a single tether.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".