Exploring 4200 Years of Mercury Variation in the Antlers of High-Arctic Wild Reindeer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Anthropogenic mercury (Hg) emissions and climate change are altering the global cycle of Hg. Levels of Hg in natural archives can help us understand not only the historical trends but also the future changes in different ecosystems, including the Arctic. In this study, we investigated the temporal variation of Hg across 4200 years in 78 antlers of the high-Arctic Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus). Antler Hg concentrations were higher during the pre-1650 Anno Domini (AD) period compared to the post-1650 AD period. Thus, antler Hg concentrations did not reflect the increased environmental Hg levels caused by high anthropogenic activities during the past three centuries. Trabecular Hg concentrations tended to be higher during the Medieval Warm Period than during the Little Ice Age, as revealed by a post-hoc analysis conducted to explore the relationship between climatic variation and antler Hg concentrations. The overall mean (±SE) antler Hg concentration was generally low (5.29 ± 0.46 ng/g) compared to the present levels of Hg in various tissues of terrestrial Arctic ungulates. Combined with other paleo-archives, this millennial-scale study of Hg using antlers could provide insights into the temporal patterns and potential drivers of Hg variation in Arctic terrestrial ecosystems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".