Prevalence of Alloimmunization Events in Thalassemia Patients With Repeated Transfusions in the Rhesus Blood Group System: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background: Alloimmunization presents a significant challenge for patients with β-thalassemia major who depend on regular transfusion therapy. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the frequency of alloimmunization within the Rhesus blood group system and identify the most prevalent alloantibodies. Methods: A comprehensive search across multiple databases was conducted to locate epidemiological studies reporting alloimmunization in thalassemia patients undergoing repeated transfusions, specifically focusing on Rhesus antibodies. Statistical analyses were performed using R software, and heterogeneity was assessed using I2 statistics. Results: This review included 20 studies with a total of 4,650 patients. The overall prevalence of alloimmunization was 5.4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 3.1-9.3%) across all ages, with a prevalence of 9.1% (95% CI: 5.3-15.2%) in children and 25% (95% CI: 12.7-41.2%) in adults. The pooled overall prevalence was 6.6% (95% CI: 4.2-10.2%). Among the 488 alloimmunized patients, 310 developed Rhesus-specific antibodies, with anti-E (34.58%) and anti-D (13.69%) being the most frequent. Conclusions: This study underscores the substantial prevalence of Rhesus antibodies among alloimmunized thalassemia patients. Implementing extended phenotype matching for transfusions could significantly reduce the risk of alloantibody formation in this population. Future analyses should explore factors influencing alloimmunization rates, such as ethnic diversity, matching protocols, and age-related variations, to inform clinical practice better.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.029 | 0.007 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.011 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".