Ocean basin-wide movement patterns of North Atlantic humpback whales
Bibliographic record
Abstract
North Atlantic (NA) humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) migrate between high‐latitude maternal feeding grounds and low‐latitude breeding/calving grounds, with one distinct breeding segment currently considered endangered: Cape Verde Islands/northwest Africa (CVI). This study assesses the movement patterns and population spatial structuring of humpback whales across the NA Ocean basin for the first time in three decades. Photo‐ID records from collections contributed to the North Atlantic Humpback Whale Catalogue, a dataset of 38,319 records of 9,977 individuals documented between 1980 and 2015 were analysed. Transition probabilities were estimated between all five primary feeding grounds and three breeding/calving areas defined as CVI, Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles, dividing the West Indies distinct population segment into two, based on emerging trends. Breeding‐to‐feeding area transition probabilities were highest from the Greater Antilles to western feeding grounds (the Gulf of Maine, Atlantic Canada and West Greenland), from the Lesser Antilles to eastern feeding grounds (Norway and Iceland), and from CVI to eastern feeding grounds. The difference in migratory patterns of humpback whales using the Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles regions within the West Indies indicates that they are behaviourally distinct and may be best managed as separate breeding populations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".