The History of Neuromodulators in Dermatologic Surgery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In 1817 and 1820, the German physician Justinus Kerner published a series of cases of lethal food poisoning that would unknowingly have a lasting impact on medical science. His compilation of over 75 cases linked the consumption of smoked sausages in the small town of Herrenberg in Württemberg, recounted a constellation of symptoms that today the authors call botulism. Now, over 2 centuries later, the discovery, study and refinement of the toxin causing clinical botulism has led to the acceptance of neuromodulators as a treatment for a wide variety of medical concerns. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to understand the many historical advances in the mechanism of action of botulinum neurotoxins, the wide range of indications that are currently available and Dermatologic Surgery 's role in this evolution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A PubMed retrospective search to identify literature on the history of botulinum toxin was undertaken. RESULTS: Botulinum toxin is the newest therapeutic generational drug with over 30 approved indications in 90 countries. There are now 7 FDA (food and drug administration) approved neuromodulators with several more under current review. CONCLUSIONDermatologic Surgery has had a seminal role in the advancement of neuromodulators and publishing associated literature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".