Competition policy in North America in the context of the USMCA: an overview and some skepticism with regard to any prospects for harmonization
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Competition policy within the three countries of the USMCA – Canada, Mexico, and the United States – has remained largely apart from the general economic integration that is the theme of the USMCA (and of NAFTA before it). Indeed, this separation is consistent with the absence of competition policy in the wider economic integration efforts of the WTO (and of GATT before it). At first glance, this separation might appear to be anomalous, and there should be a link between competition policy and trade in the context of international trade agreements. After all, reduced barriers to international trade generally increase competition in domestic markets, and the latter is what competition policy is supposed to encourage. However, this chapter argues that this pattern of non-harmonized competition policy is not accidental or somehow an oversight. Instead, this pattern reflects some fundamental differences between competition policy and the policies that guide the export/import trade flows that are at the core of such “free trade” agreements. The body of this chapter expands on this argument.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.005 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".