Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter argues that food is not a typically traded commodity in that it is necessary for life and deeply tied to culture and community. Thus, efforts to liberalize trade and harmonize regulations related to food have led to resistance and conflict despite the emergence of a global corporate food regime. Food security, as defined by the Food and Agricultural Organization, continues to be a concern as access to healthy, nutritious food remains problematic. This is evident, as the chapter indicates, in North America, where, despite increased integration in the food system since the signing of the NAFTA agreement, conflict over food persists. Despite liberalization under NAFTA, the US has continued to heavily subsidize corn production, dumping surpluses into the Mexican market and impacting agricultural livelihoods there. The benefits of this integration were not evenly shared, nor have they necessarily resulted in better access to healthy food. The chapter uses cases of conflict over biotechnology, food labeling, and public health measures to address the unhealthy neo-liberal diet, rising levels of obesity, and chronic diseases. It argues that with the renegotiation of NAFTA and the emergence, since 2016, of Mexican efforts to regulate biotechnology and move to more self-sufficiency in key crops, policy divergence and conflict between Mexico and the US and Canada will continue. Despite the disruptive impact of Covid-19 on supply chains and food security, the US and Canada continue to push to maximize food exports and not address food supply vulnerability.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.009 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.009 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.005 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".