The auto sector: capitalism's “favourite child” and North American economic integration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This chapter provides a historical overview of the motor vehicle industry's role in North American integration. It takes a political economy approach to explain the place of the auto industry in the emergence and evolution of continental economic integration: the sector's development in the United States, Mexico, and Canada; the industry's key integrationist role, including the oligopolistic American Big Three and international producers; and the pivotal influence of state measures that have shaped the continentalization of the industry, particularly the trade rules, agreements, and treaties that have played the greatest role in facilitating the sector's continental integration, and hence that of the broader North American economy. The chapter emphasizes the central role that industry's giant firms and public policy have played in shaping the integrationist evolution of the sector. Owing to the industry's economies of scale and immense economic and trade impact, by integrating three distinct national automobile manufacturing industries into one continental industry, the auto sector has been pivotal to broader North American economic integration. In shifting from three distinct industries that were once primarily a product of protectionist tariff regimes to one integrated sector emphasizing duty-free, cross-border trade, this process has also been shaped by a desire to manage the industry through negotiated trade treaties and regimes. As a result, more so than any other commercial sector, the auto trade has shaped the nature of broader North American integration.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.004 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".