Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract. Permafrost occurrence in mountainous regions is influenced by complex topography and surficial geology, leading to high spatial heterogeneity. Coarse sediments create a unique thermal regime that allows permafrost to persist even under positive mean annual air temperatures due to natural convection lowering ground temperatures. Although this process has been recognized as a key factor in explaining the persistence of permafrost formation within coarse sediments, studies assessing the impact of natural convection on ground temperatures and permafrost are limited, partly due to the absence of hydrological models that take this process into account. This article expands on a well-established hydrological model to incorporate the effects of natural air convection on heat transfer. The modified model includes airflow through Darcy’s equation and the Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximation to account for density-driven buoyancy effects, as well as a heat advection-conduction equation for the air phase without assuming local thermal equilibrium between the air and the other phases. The model was tested on a talus slope in the Canadian Rockies, where conventional models failed to represent field-based evidence of permafrost. The results revealed that coarse-size sediments can lower ground temperatures by several degrees when natural convection is considered. Additionally, the study demonstrated that the local thermal equilibrium approach hinders the impact of natural convection. This enhanced model improves our understanding of permafrost dynamics in alpine landforms and enables a more accurate analysis of permafrost extent and its influence on groundwater discharges.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.022 | 0.011 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.300 | 0.225 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".